Gujarat Board GSEB Class 11 Commerce Economics Important Questions Chapter 11 Economic Thoughts Important Questions and Answers.

GSEB Class 11 Economics Important Questions Chapter 11 Economic Thoughts

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are economic thoughts? What do they contain?
Answer:
The thoughts that are related to human life and economic activities are called economic thoughts. These thoughts are about management of economy, production, revenue, distribution, employment, money, exchange, economic development, banking, solutions to financial and environment problems, etc.

Question 2.
What was the original name of Chanakya? With which other names was he known?
Answer:
Chanakya’s original name was Vishnu Gupta; He was also known as Kautilya.

Question 3.
What was strange about Chanakya’s birth?
Answer:
The strange thing was that Chanakya was born with a full set of teeth.

Question 4.
Where did Chanakya spend his childhood? Whom did he serve?
Answer:
Chanakya spent his childhood in the village of Kusumpur of Patliputra Kingdom; He served EmjDeror Chandra Gupta Maurya of Maurya Dynasty.

Question 5.
What were the areas of study of Kautilya? Which literature did he compile?
Answer:
Chanakya did deep study of politics, law, economics, management, taxation, social order, trade, agriculture and industry. Based on his extensive knowledge and wisdom he wrote an extensive text named ‘Arthshashtra’ which was widely known as ‘Kautilya’s Arthshashtra’.

Question 6.
Which text stands first in Indian thoughts and writings related to economics?
Answer:
Kautilya’s Arthshashtra.

Question 7.
In which language did Kautilya write Arthshashtra?
Answer:
In Granthlipi on material called Bhojapatra.

Question 8.
When was Arthshashtra originally written?
Answer:
Around 321-300 B.C.

Question 9.
What are Kautilya’s thoughts on Arth?
Answer:
Arth means purpose or goals. Another meaning of arth is land. As per Kautilya, the key tc ^ove-nance and authority lies in ‘arth’.

Question 10.
According to Kautilya which economic activities should a king undertake?
Answer:
Agriculture, industry, excavation of mines, forestry, cattle rearing, etc. The king should also establish markets and promote import-export trade.

Question 11.
In Kautilya’s views, which things should king construct for the welfare for its people?
Answer:
Water reservoirs, temples and dharamshalas i.e. guesthouses.

Question 12.
List the sources of income for a state as per Kautilya.
Answer:

1. Towns
2. Villages
3. Irrigation
4. Mines
5. Forest
6. Animal husbandry and
7. Trade and Commerce.

Question 13.
What do the principles of taxation policy given by Kautilya include?
Answer:
The principles include short term and long term tax policies, tax limits and tax rates that a king may impose.

Question 14.
According to Kautilya on what parameters should a king levy land tax?
Answer:
The king should charge land tax on the basis of the type of land, its productivity, type of product produced, availability of irrigation facility and type of irrigation.

Question 15.
What does Aatithya taxes include?
Answer:
It includes taxes on goods imported ‘from foreign regions or states.

Question 16.
Into which types did Kautilya classify the land?
Answer:

1. Land under state ownership and
2. Land under ownership of private individuals.

Question 17.
Into which types did Kautilya divide animals?
Answer:
Kautilya divided animals in three categories namely, (1) Trained/pet animals, (2) Dairy animals and (3) Wild animals.

Question 18.
What were internal charges in views of Kautilya?
Answer:
Charges or taxes on goods produced within state or its capital are called ……

Question 19.
What is state treasury? How is fund raised in it?
Answer:
The financial resources of a state is called state treasury; A state collects funds for development functions, welfare functions, defence, creating employment, creating , infrastructure, etc.

Question 20.
What is land revenue?
Answer:
The tax collected by the state from farmers on land holding is called land revenue.

Question 21.
What is Gandhism?
Answer:
Gandhiji’s simple way of life in social, economic and political terms is popularly known as ‘Gandhism’.

Question 22.
Works of which foreigners influenced Gandhiji?
Answer:
American thinker Thoreau, British writer John Ruskin and Leo Tolstoy.

Question 23.
From where did Gandhiji get inspiration for sarvodaya? What inspiration did he get?
Answer:
Gandhiji’s idea of sarvodaya was an inspiration from British writer John Ruskin’s book ‘Unto the last’. From this book, he derived the importance of labor work and ways to eradicate poverty from India.

Question 24.
What is sarvodaya?
Answer:
The upliftment of all is called sarvodaya.
Gandhiji envisioned a society which uplifts the deprived, poor and marginalized people and this idea was called sarvodaya.]

Question 25.
Who gave ‘Bread labour’ theory to Indians? What was the motto behind this theory?
Answer:
Gandhiji; Through this theory he gave the motto that people should work and earn their bread and those who do not work have any right to eat.

Question 26.
Where can we find reference of Gandhiji’s belief of‘labouring for one’s own bread’?
Answer:
In one of the shlokas in the 3rd chapter of Hindu scripture, the ‘Bhagwad Gita’.

Question 27.
What does Bhagwad Gita say with respect to laboring for one’s own bread?
Answer:
As per the Gita, ‘One who relishes the fruits without making offerings (without efforts and sharing fruits with others), is indulging in sinful action’.

Question 28.
Which scriptures inspired Gandhiji?
Answer:
The Bhagwad Gita, Upnishads, Ramayan and Mahabharata.

Question 29.
Which saints and gurus influenced Gandhiji?
Answer:
Saint poets like Kabir, Gurunanak and Narsinh Mehta and his spiritual leader (Guru) Shrimad Rajchandra.

Question 30.
Define: Idea of Trusteeship.
Answer:
A doctrine proposed by Gandhiji where the owner and heir of abundant wealth voluntarily creates a trust of the excess wealth for the benefit of society and acts as a trustee while owning the wealth is called trusteeship.

Question 31.
Which ideas did Gandhiji present for successfully implementing Sarvodaya?
Answer:
The ideas of renunciation, service, reducing dependence on machinery, protection of labour, decentralization of power and prevention of exploitation.

Question 32.
What were Gandhiji’s views on use of machines?
Answer:
(A) Gandhiji recommended that such basic and simple machines should be used which could be owned and used by poor producers.
(B) According to him, those machines which facilitate the work of labour must be employed but those which replace labour and make labourers unemployed should not be used widely. He was also against the use of machines that made few people rich and powerful.

Question 33.
What is decentralization?
Answer:
Decentralization refers to transfer of authority from central to local government.

Question 34.
What idea did Gandhiji suggest to solve the problems of centralized planning?
Answer:
To solve the problems of centralized economies Gandhiji promoted the idea of increasing the use of ‘khadi’ and the idea of spinning khadi as a household industry.

Question 35.
Why did Gandhiji adopt the principle of simplicity and non-possession?
Answer:
Man’s greed and race for increasing his material possessions by ignoring all the ethics leads to the problems of economic life. Hence, Gandhiji propagated the ide4 of simplicity and ‘non-possession’.

Question 36.
State the reasons for restlessness in human life.
Answer:
Man is restless due to:

1. (1) Continuously increasing wants
2. Use of complex machines
3. Distribution systems of present times (which create unequal distribution)

Question 37.
Why did Gandhiji believe in living a simple life?
Answer:
Gandhiji stated that welfare increases when wants are limited. So he believed real happiness lies in simple living.

Question 38.
From where did Gandhiji get inspiration to provide doctrine of trusteeship?
Answer:
From Bhagwad Gita and Ishopanishad.

Question 39.
What does Inhopanished teach us?
Answer:
As per the ishopanishad, ‘All that is created on the earth is because of God and hence we must relish it after surrendering to it’.

Question 40.
What did trusteeship meant to Gandhiji?
Answer:
Being responsible for one’s life, as well as for the life of the neighbour’.

Question 41.
What was Gandhiji’s views on duty instead of right?
Answer:
As per Gandhiji the rich should feel the responsibility of using the excess wealth for benefits of the society rather than just maintaining their right over wealth.

Question 42.
What does nationalization of resources mean?
Answer:
Nationalization refers to transferring ownership of resources owned by private to state controlled.

Question 43.
What were Gandhiji’s views on nationalization?
Answer:
Gandhiji opposed the idea of nationalization of resources for production and abolishing the property rights owned ’by the private individuals for bringing economic equality in the state. He believed such nationalization would decrease the morals and ethics of people and turn them against the state.

Question 44.
State the forms of ownership as suggested by Gandhiji under the principle of trusteeship.
Answer:

1. Ownership with the private sector
2. Formation of a trust
3. Ownership with the public sector.

Question 45.
What do you mean by state?
Answer:
A system established by the king for administration of the kingdom. In modern times it is a system governed by a body of representatives is called a state.

Question 46.
What is dignity of labour?
Answer:
It is a value associated with social planning where all able human beings must be provided opportunity to work and must get respectable wages is called a state.

Question 47.
What do you mean by non-possession?
Answer:
The idea which revolves around the human value of not holding excess goods/wealth/ resources, etc. than what is necessary to satisfy one’s wants.

Question 48.
What problems do capitalist and socialist countries face?
Answer:
Problems of exploitation, inequality, economic instability, class struggle and pollution.

Question 49.
What is integral humanism?
Answer:
Integral humanism means a human life in which: (1) A human being is not merely thought of only as an ‘economic human being’, but an integration of all characteristics of a human being. (2) It is an ideology which takes into account the mutual relationship of a human being with another and also with the society and the world to make human life happy and prosperous.

Question 50.
What do socialist nations believe about ownership of assets?
Answer:
The socialist system believes that wealth or property owned by private individuals is the cause of all the economic problems. Hence, in socialist system the wealth is owned by the state and not private individuals.

Question 51.
What are Pandit Deendayal’s views on ownership of assets?
Answer:
As per Pandit Deendayal, it is not right for the state to completely take over the ownership of wealth from private owners. Doing so, the individuals will lose their willingness to work. Moreover, they would also lose their dignity of entrepreneurship, economic safety and hence will remain dissatisfied.

Question 52.
Why Pandit Deendayal emphasizes on restricting consumption? OR What are Pandit Deendayal’s views on restricting consumption?
Answer:
“To satisfy unlimited wants the society invents new methods and factors and such methods on the other hand create newer problems and also create the risk of destroying human values. So our economic goal should be to limit consumption. Keeping in mind the development of the nation,.consumption and production limits should be decided and maintained.”

Question 53.
What solution does Pandit Deendayal provide to increase standard of living of the Indians?
Answer:
Pandit Deendayal says that India should limit its consumption, increase its production and distribute it properly among people to raise their standard of living.

Question 54.
What is consumption?
Answer:
Process of using goods ana services for satisfaction of wants is called consumption.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by economic thoughts? How have thoughts of great thinkers influenced the world?
Answer:

• The thoughts that are related to human life and their economic activities are called economic thoughts.
• These thoughts are about management of economy, production, revenue, distribution, employment, money, exchange, economic development, banking, solutions to financial and environment problems.
• Economic thoughts of many great thinkers in various countries have influenced decisions of state administration related to management of O resources, production, cost, distribution, etc.
• For example, following people highly influenced the economic thought process of the western countries:
• Adam Smith’s ideas provide insights into how wealth is created, distributed and exchanged.
• Prof. Alfred Marshall provided importance of keeping human welfare at the centre of decision making.
• Prof. Robbins gave ideas related to scarcity, problem of choice and optimum utilization of resources.
• Prof. Keynes provided a new direction to macroeconomics by giving principles regarding consumption, investment, employment and government intervention after the great depression of 1929-30.

Influence of economic thoughts in India:

• Economic ideology can also be seen in Indian scriptures such as ‘Shantiparva’ in ‘Mahabharat’, ‘Manusmruti’, ‘Shukra-niti’ and ‘Kamandikiya’.
• ‘Kautilya’s Arthshashtra’ stands first in Indian writings and thoughts related to economics.
• In India, large numbers of thinkers have influenced Indian economic thoughts right from the ancient times, to the medieval times to the present day. ‘Kautilya’ i.e. Chanakya, ‘Gandhiji’ and ‘Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay’ were among those few.

Question 2.
Name the great economists and their thoughts that influenced the western countries.
Answer:
Influence of economic thoughts in India:

• Economic ideology can also be seen in Indian scriptures such as ‘Shantiparva’ in ‘Mahabharat’, ‘Manusmruti’, ‘Shukra-niti’ and ‘Kamandikiya’.
• ‘Kautilya’s Arthshashtra’ stands first in Indian writings and thoughts related to economics.
• In India, large numbers of thinkers have influenced Indian economic thoughts right from the ancient times, to the medieval times to the present day. ‘Kautilya’ i.e. Chanakya, ‘Gandhiji’ and ‘Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay’ were among those few.

Question 3.
Give a brief introduction about Chanakya. OR Write a brief note on the author of ‘Arthshashtra’.
Answer:
Chanakya:

• Chanakya was an Indian teacher, philosopher, economist, jurist and a royal advisor. His real name was ‘Vishnu Gupta’. He was also known as ‘Kautilya’.
• Legend says that he was born with full set of teeth, to a Brahmin Chanak.
• Chanakya spent his childhood in the village Kusumpur of Patiliputra Kingdom.
• In 3rd century B.C. he helped Chandra Gupta to end the tyrant rule of Dhana Nanda, the last heir of the Nanda race. Chanakya did this by using moral values and strategy so that he could create a prosperous state.
• He was a strategist scholar who dreamt of a perfect state.
• Chanakya did deep study of politics, law, economics, management, taxation, social order, trade, agriculture and industry.
• Based on his extensive knowledge and wisdom he wrote an exclusive text named ‘Arthshashtra’ which was widely known as ‘Kautilya’s Arthshashtra’.

Question 4.
Ancient Indian philosophy is a treasure of practical guidance and a prosperous economy. Give reason.
Answer:

• In India, the idea of managing the state is as old as its culture.
• We can find references of ideal methods of politics and diplomacy, policy making, rules of governance, ‘dandniti’ (policy of punishment by the state), etc. in ancient Indian literature.
• Economic ideology can be well seen in Indian scriptures such as ‘Shantiparva’ in ‘Mahabharat’, ‘Manusmruti’, ‘Shukra-niti’ and ‘Kamandikiya’.
• ‘Kautilya’s Arthshashtra’ stands first in Indian writings and thoughts related to economics.
• We can also find solutions to present day economic problems by studying our ancient literature and philosophy given by sages.
• Such philosophy which was given thousands of years ago in India provides practical guidance for making individual life as well as social life easier.

Question 5.
Write a short note on arthshashtra.
Answer:

• Chanakya, also known as Kautilya did deep study of politics, law, economics, management, taxation, social order, trade, agriculture and industry.
• Based on his extensive knowledge and wisdom he wrote an exclusive text named ‘Arthshashtra’ which was widely known as ‘Kautilya’s Arthshashtra’. It consisted of 15 volumes.
• ‘Kautilya’s Arthshashtra’ stands first in Indian writings and thoughts related to economics.
• It was written in ‘Granthlipi’ on ‘Bhojapatra’.
• Pandit Shyam Shashtri found ‘Arthshashtra’ from Oriental library of the King of Mysore.
• In 1909, Panditji compiled and published the whole Arthshashtra of Kautilya. According to him Arthshashtra was created around 321-300 B.C.

Question 6.
Explain Kautilya’s views on Arthshashtra.
Answer:
Kautilya’s thoughts on ‘Arth’ and ‘Arthshashtra’:

• Kautilya’s thoughts are based on the idea of ‘arth’. Arth means purpose or goals. Another meaning of arth is land. As per Kautilya, the key to governance and authority lies in ‘arth’.
• According to Kautilya, a person who does not have resources can also manage to obtain ‘arth’ by doing labour. As the productivity of labour increases, the means of production also increase.
• So, Kautilya calls manual labour as the true ‘arth’. In his views, “The intention of a human being is ‘arth’. Also, the piece of land with human settlement is ‘arth’. So, the science that gives solutions related to maintenance of land and attaining benefits from land is arthshashtra”.
• Since Kautilya considers land i.e. arth as an asset for livelihood and
  settlement of humankind, he considers it important to describe the science related to its maintenance and benefits.
• Kautilya’s ‘shashtra’ is well-suited to the role of state in various time periods. Hence, in reality, his ‘arthshashtra’ is the science of making policies.
• Arthshashtra is divided in 15 volumes. Through his work, Kautilya has given strategies and information for domestic administration, relations with neighbouring states, knowledge about medicinal plants and political diplomacy.

Question 7.
Why does Kautilya call manual labour as true ‘arth’?
Answer:

• Arth means purpose or goals. Another meaning of arth is land. As per Kautilya, the key to governance and authority lies in ‘arth’.
• According to Kautilya, a person who does not have resources can also manage to obtain ‘arth’ by doing labour. Kautilya considers land i.e. arth as an asset for livelihood and settlement of humankind.
• As the productivity of labour increases, the means of production also increase.
• So, Kautilya calls manual labour as the true ‘arth’.

Question 8.
For which areas has Kautilya provided his economic thoughts?
Answer:
Kautilya has laid his thoughts for the following areas of economics:

• Establishment of statehood
• State treasury
• Taxation policy which includes
  (a) Land tax and
  (b) Import-export taxes
• Agriculture and animal husbandry
• Industry

Question 9.
State and explain Kautilya’s thoughts on state treasury.
Answer:
Kautilya’s thoughts about state treasury:
As per Kautilya, the state treasury plays a very important role for maintaining prosperity and safety of the state. The unity, stability and administration of the state are directly dependent on the state treasury. He said there are seven sources of income for the state.

They are:

1. Towns
2. Villages
3. Irrigation
4. Mines
5. Forest
6. Animal husbandry and
7. Trade and Commerce.

Kautilya provided following guidance to the kings for growth and maintenance of treasury:

• The king should guard his treasury and always develop new means to increase it.
• The king should collect taxes once in a year.
• The king should not use forceful methods to increase the treasury.
• The king should be gentle while collecting taxes from regions facing famine and drought.
• The king should use public property, promote trade and use gifts, penalties, fines and rewards, production of cash crops, etc. for increasing the state treasury.
• The state treasury mainly consists of physical (tangible) goods and therefore it is necessary to preserve such goods in proper warehouses and use them for public welfare as and when required.
• Kautilya also specified the rates of taxes for various categories of workers. For example, he suggested, to collect 1 /4th of the agricultural production as tax from individual farmers. He also suggested to collect one-half of the produce of individual manufacturers of cotton, wool, silk, wax and medicines as taxes.
• Even today, Kautilya’s thoughts of a welfare state are used by a state for its people.

Question 10.
What guidance did Kautilya provide to the kings for growth and maintenance of their treasury?
Answer:
Kautilya’s thoughts about state treasury:
As per Kautilya, the state treasury plays a very important role for maintaining prosperity and safety of the state. The unity, stability and administration of the state are directly dependent on the state treasury. He said there are seven sources of income for the state.

They are:

1. Towns
2. Villages
3. Irrigation
4. Mines
5. Forest
6. Animal husbandry and
7. Trade and Commerce.

Kautilya provided following guidance to the kings for growth and maintenance of treasury:

• The king should guard his treasury and always develop new means to increase it.
• The king should collect taxes once in a year.
• The king should not use forceful methods to increase the treasury.
• The king should be gentle while collecting taxes from regions facing famine and drought.
• The king should use public property, promote trade and use gifts, penalties, fines and rewards, production of cash crops, etc. for increasing the state treasury.
• The state treasury mainly consists of physical (tangible) goods and therefore it is necessary to preserve such goods in proper warehouses and use them for public welfare as and when required.
• Kautilya also specified the rates of taxes for various categories of workers. For example, he suggested, to collect 1 /4th of the agricultural production as tax from individual farmers. He also suggested to collect one-half of the produce of individual manufacturers of cotton, wool, silk, wax and medicines as taxes.
• Even today, Kautilya’s thoughts of a welfare state are used by a state for its people.

Question 11.
State and explain Kautilya’s guidance to the kings for framing the taxation policy in their states.
Answer:
Kautilya’s thoughts about taxation policy:

• Kautilya gave clear principles of taxation that a state should follow. These principles include short term and long term tax policies, tax limits and tax rates that a king may impose.
• He also gave provisions for increasing tax rates during emergencies.
• As per Kautilya, the king should collect taxes from citizens as ripened fruits are collected from orchards while keeping in mind the economic ability of citizens to pay taxes.
• His taxation policy was such that it made the taxation process simple and less expensive.

Kautilya suggested the following types of taxes in the tax structure:
1. Land tax:

• Kautilya had framed rules to decide the proportion of taxes. He framed these rules on the basis of the type of land, its productivity, type of product produced, availability of irrigation facility and irrigation type.
• He also proposed tax exemptions as an incentive to increase productivity.

2. Import-export taxes:
Kautilya classified import-export taxes as follows:
(a) External charges (taxes): For goods produced in the country.
(b) Internal charges (taxes): For goods produced in the state or the capital.
(c) ‘Aatithya’ charges (taxes): For goods imported from foreign regions or states.

• Kautilya gave rules for putting taxes on various commodities on the basis of type of goods and their importance in economic life.
• He also proposed setting up booths for collecting customs and octroi.
• He also proposed rules for road tax and wealth tax.

Question 12.
How did Kautilya classify the tax structure?
Answer:
Kautilya divided the tax to be collected in following parts:

1. Land tax
2. Import-export taxes:

Kautilya further classified import-export taxes as follows:
(a) External charges (taxes): For goods produced in the country.
(b) Internal charges (taxes): For the goods produced in the state or the capital.
(c) ‘Aatithya’ charges (taxes): For the goods imported from foreign regions or states.

Question 13.
Which taxes are included in import-export taxes?
Answer:
Kautilya further classified import-export taxes as follows:
(a) External charges (taxes): For goods produced in the country.
(b) Internal charges (taxes): For the goods produced in the state or the capital.
(c) ‘Aatithya’ charges (taxes): For the goods imported from foreign regions or states.

Question 14.
What are Kautilya’s thoughts on agriculture?
Answer:
Kautilya’s thoughts on agriculture:

• Kautilya considered agriculture as the primary means of livelihood.
• He classified land in two types:
  1. Land under state ownership and
  2. Land under ownership of private individuals.
• He suggested that the state instead of putting the slaves and prisoners behind the bars should use them to till the land owned by the state.
• He believed that land should be used mainly for agricultural purpose and hence the uncultivable land should be made cultivable.
• The king should collect taxes from the farmers only if they cultivate their own land to earn livelihood.

Question 15.
What are Kautilya’s thoughts on animal husbandry?
Answer:
Kautilya’s thoughts on animal husbandry:

• Since, animal husbandry is also related to agriculture, it is also a means of livelihood. Hence, it should also be developed.
• In this regard, Kautilya divided animals in three categories namely,
  1. Trained/pet animals
  2. Dairy animals and
  3. Wild animals.
• Kautilya also suggested rules and penalties related to animal husbandry.

Question 16.
What were Kautilya’s thoughts on industry?
Answer:
Kautilya’s thoughts on industry:

• Kautilya believed that a state which has good resources can only prosper and develop. Hence he gave directions for setting up industries in the state;
• According to him, a king should explore the possibilities of new mines and then order excavation. He should develop art and craft industry to use the skills of people.
• The king should also promote skill development among people.
• He should promote transport and communication and create infrastructure for industrial development.
• The king should set-up proper markets in towns/cities to facilitate the sale of the produced goods.

Question 17.
What can one conclude about Kautilya’s economic thoughts and guidance to the state?
Answer:

• Through the thoughts expressed in ‘arthshashtra’ it is quite clear that Kautilya’s ways and thoughts were inspired by economic problems and political concerns.
• He tried to incorporate even the minutest details in building a progressive and modern state.
• He gave theories which have universal acceptability and are applicable even in present times.
• Even though he served the Magadh state and created ‘Arthshashtra’ for Magadh, and for Emperor Chandragupta Maurya, he wished that his work on economics could be of use to those kings who desired timeless victories and a proper management of the state.
• Moreover, Kautilya opposed tax evasion and hiding assets from the state.

Question 18.
Write a short note on Gandhiji and his theory of Gandhism.
Answer:
(A) Gandhiji:

• Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born in Porbandar, Gujarat. He had a very strong will power and was a firm believer of his ideals. He urged for a realistic and practical approach towards life.
• Truth and non-violence were the two major principles of his ideology.
• He practised his ideologies so that he could remove the difference between a person’s thoughts and deeds.
• He put a strong emphasis on religion and ethics for individual and social life.
• Besides, he also made endless efforts for eradicating untouchability, persuading people not to consume alcohol, attaining communal harmony and empowering women.

(B) Gandhism:

• Gandhiji’s way of life was based on ethics. Hence, he accepted ethical science as the base of the science of politics and economics.
• Gandhiji’s simple way of life in social, economic and political terms is popularly known as ‘Gandhism’.
• However, unlike other economists Gandhiji did not give a specific ideology or principles of economics. Also, he did not classify his ideology into any ‘ specific categories.
• He neither wanted to promote ‘Gandhism’ nor wished to have his own followers.
• He did not claim that he had discovered any new theory or ideology. He simply tried to apply the eternal truths as solutions to life’s routine problems.
• Based on these facts, Gandhism has become a part of economic thought process.

Question 19.
Give an introduction of Gandhiji.
Answer:
Gandhiji:

• Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born in Porbandar, Gujarat. He had a very strong will power and was a firm believer of his ideals. He urged for a realistic and practical approach towards life.
• Truth and non-violence were the two major principles of his ideology.
• He practised his ideologies so that he could remove the difference between a person’s thoughts and deeds.
• He put a strong emphasis on religion and ethics for individual and social life.
• Besides, he also made endless efforts for eradicating untouchability, persuading people not to consume alcohol, attaining communal harmony and empowering women.

Question 20.
Write a short note on: The influence of books and thinkers on Gandhiji.
Answer:

• Gandhiji was an avid reader. He used to read books on philosophy, religion, sociology, etc.
• These books greatly influenced Gandhiji’s economic, social and political ideology.
• Gandhiji was greatly influenced by the American thinker Thoreau. Gandhiji adopted the idea of ‘Simple living and high thinking’ from Thoreau’s works.
• Gandhiji’s idea of ‘Sarvodaya’ was an inspiration from British writer John Ruskin’s book ‘Unto the last’. From this book, he derived the importance of labor work and ways to eradicate poverty from India.
• Gandhiji was also influenced by Leo Tolstoy’s works, ‘What shall we do then?’ and ‘The Kingdom of God is within you’.
• He was influenced by the theory of ‘bread labour’ given by Ruskin. Based on this Gandhiji gave the ‘Bread labour’ theory and the motto that people should work and earn their bread and those who do not work have no right to eat.
• Gandhiji’s belief of ‘labouring for one’s own bread’ also exists in one of the shlokas in the 3rd chapter of Hindu Scripture, the ‘Bhagwad Gita’. As per the Gita, ‘One who relishes the fruits without making offerings (without efforts and sharing fruits with others), is indulging in sinful action’.
• Gandhiji in his childhood watched the play ‘Satyawadi Raja Harish Chandra’. This play left an unerasable impression on him. The play taught him the importance of truth and made him a ‘Satyagrahi’.
• Gandhiji’s life was also influenced by scriptures like, the ‘Upnishads’, the ‘ ‘Ramayana’, and the ‘Mahabharata’.
• Saint poets like Kabir, Gurunanak and Narsinh Mehta and his spiritual leader (Guru) Shrimad Rajchandra also influenced Gandhiji’s thoughts.

Question 21.
Gandhiji’s persona, character and deeds were the outcome of him being an avid reader. Give reason.
Answer:
Gandhiji used to read books on philosophy, religion, sociology, etc. These books greatly influenced Gandhiji economic, social and political ideology. Gandhiji’s approach towards people and his deeds were also a result of these readings.

• For example, Gandhiji was greatly influenced by the American thinker Thoreau. Gandhiji adopted the idea of ‘Simple living and high thinking’ from Thoreau’s works.
• Gandhiji’s idea of ‘Sarvodaya’ was an inspiration from British writer John Ruskin’s book ‘Unto the last’. From this book, he derived the importance of labor work and ways to eradicate poverty from India.
• Gandhiji was also influenced by Leo Tolstoy’s works, ‘What shall we do then?’ and The Kingdom -of God is within you .
• Based on the theory of ‘bread labour’ given by Ruskin Gandhiji gave the ‘Bread labour’ theory and the motto that people should work and earn their bread and those who do not work have no right to eat.
• Gandhiji’s belief of ‘labouring for one’s own bread’ also exists in one of the shlok’as in the 3rd chapter of Hindu Scripture, the ‘Bhagwad Gita’.
• The play ‘Satyawadi Raja Harish Chandra’ taught him the importance of truth and made him a ‘Satyagrahi’.
• Thus we can say that Gandhiji’s persona, character and deeds were the outcome of being an avid reader.

Question 22.
What were Gandhiji’s views about the capitalist and socialist form of government? Enlist the main economic thoughts of Gandhiji.
Answer:

• Gandhiji was of a belief that that neither capitalist nor socialist economic approach would be able to solve the economic problems of India.
• So he gave such alternative economic ideas which contradicted with western capitalist production policies, excessive use of machinery and materialist philosophy.

Gandhiji gave the following main economic thoughts:

• Sarvodaya
• Importance of labour
• Use of machinery
• Decentralized economy
• Simplicity and non-possession
• Doctrine of Trusteeship

Important aspects of Gandhiji’s doctrine of trusteeship:
(a) Convincing the rich (Change of heart)
(b) Duty instead of right
(c) Awareness, referendum and social change
(d) Importance to the interest of the whole society
(e) Compensation to the trustee
(f) Opposition to nationalization
(g) Appointing the successor
(h) State control

Question 23.
Enlist Gandhiji’s doctrines of trusteeship.
Answer:
Important aspects of Gandhiji’s doctrine of trusteeship:
(a) Convincing the rich (Change of heart)
(b) Duty instead of right
(c) Awareness, referendum and social change
(d) Importance to the interest of the whole society
(e) Compensation to the trustee
(f) Opposition to nationalization
(g) Appointing the successor
(h) State control

Question 24.
Write a short note on Sarvodaya.
Answer:
Sarvodaya:

• The term ‘Sarvodaya’ refers to ’Universal Uplift’ or ’Progress of AH’.
• Through Sarvodaya, Gandhiji had a vision of a non-violent society in which the helpless, poor and needy are uplifted to a state of wellbeing. Thus, ‘Sarvodaya’ aims at social development.
• According to the ‘Bhagwad Gita’, the same soul dwells in all human beings. Gandhiji adopted this thought and propagated the principle of ‘Sarvodaya’ and urged people to focus on mutual co-operation and love.
• He suggested that socialism based on the concept of ‘Sarvodaya’ can be attained by giving up desires which lead to greed.
• Gandhiji presented the ideas of renunciation, service, reducing dependence on machinery, protection of labour, decentralization of power and prevention of exploitation for successful implementation of ‘Sarvodaya’.
• He disliked the thought that very few people become rich due to the impact of machinery and industry. According to him socialism in true sense should not have any differences between people, and that all are equal.

Question 25.
State the importance of labour as given by Gandhiji.
Answer:
Gandhiji’s views on importance of labour:

• Gandhiji promoted the idea of equitable i.e. fair remuneration for different types of labour.
• Out of the four factors of production, labour is the only live factor of production. So, anyone who labours i.e. works is entitled to live a dignified life.
• He also believed that there should be enough opportunities for everyone to work. He believed that it is the duty of the state to create employment ‘ opportunities.
• Stressing on the importance of labour Gandhiji emphasized that although mental/intellectual labour is important for development, everybody should engage in some form of physical labour too.
• Gandhiji observed that in modern times, people give less importance to physical labour and more to mental/intellectual labour. Hence, he believed that if a person does some dedicated physical labour only then he can understand the pain of physical labour and so would give up greed. This would also enable the person to get employment and free himself from poverty.

Question 26.
What was Gandhiji’s observation about labour in modern times? What solution did he suggest?
Answer:

• Gandhiji observed that in modern times, people give less importance to physical labour and more to mental/intellectual labour.
• Hence, he believed that if a person does some dedicated physical labour only then he can understand the pain of physical labour and so would give up greed. This would also enable the person to get employment and free himself from poverty.

Question 27.
Explain Gandhiji’s thoughts on decentralized economy.
Answer:
Decentralized economy:
Gandhiji favoured a decentralized economic system for India. Decentralization refers to transfer of authority from central to local government. Under this concept, Gandhiji wanted economic power to be distributed among several Indians rather than few.

• According to him, any process of economic development should have a prime focus on developing the villages. He wanted villages to get equal benefits of development as cities which he believed can happen only through decentralized planning.
• He gave the idea of decentralized economic planning as an alternative to capitalist planning. To solve the problems of centralized economies he promoted the idea of increasing the use of ‘khadi’ and the idea of spinning khadi as a household industry.
• The concept of decentralized economic planning was rooted in the idea ” of ‘Gram Swaraj’ i.e. village empowerment/village self-reliance.

Question 28.
Gandhiji believed in decentralized economy. Give reason.
Answer:

• According to Gandhiji, any process of economic development should have a prime focus on developing the villages. He wanted villages to get equal benefits of development as cities which he believed can happen only • through decentralized planning.
• Moreover, he was against socialist and capitalist system and hence gave the idea of decentralized economic planning.

Question 29.
What were Gandhiji’s views on simplicity and non-possession?
Answer:
simplicity and non-possession:

• Man’s greed and race for increasing his material possessions by ignoring all the ethics leads to the problems of economic life.
• Hence, Gandhiji propagated the idea of ‘non-possession’ and ‘consume to satisfy the needs not the greed’.
• He advised people to restrict their wants and try to get contentment.
• To practice what he preached, Gandhiji followed the principle of ‘simple living and high thinking’ his entire life.

He stated the following reasons for restlessness in human life:

1. Continuously increasing wants
2. Use of complex machines
3. Distribution systems of present times which create unequal distribution

• To explain the relationship between wants and welfare, Gandhiji stated that welfare increases when wants are limited. So he believed real happiness lies in simple living.
• He advised that the state should take decisions related to production and distribution by considering the needs of people.
• He insisted the idea of ‘everyone’s livelihood without anyone’s exploitation.

Question 30.
What did Gandhiji believe that it was necessary to convince the rich to change their hearts?
Answer:
Convincing the rich (Change of heart):

• Gandhiji was a worshipper of truth and non-violence. He advocated that a person needs to voluntarily follow the principle of trusteeship i.e. not by force or unwillingness.
• The philosophy of trusteeship was Mahatma Gandhi’s unique contribution as a tool to social change. He called it ‘the technique of change of heart’.
• He did not consider it appropriate to seize the wealth of rich or collect it by imposing high taxes on the rich and then redistributing it.
• Trusteeship to him meant – ‘Being responsible for one’s life, as well as for the life of the neighbour’. The rich can accumulate wealth because of resources obtained from the society and because some people remain poor. Hence the excess wealth of the rich must be used for benefitting the poor by forming a trust. Then the rich should themselves undertake activities for the welfare of the poor.

Question 31.
Explain awareness, referendum and social change as doctrine of trusteeship.
Answer:
Awareness, referendum and social change:

• Trusteeship is a source of revolution or radical social change.
• One cannot enforce it. One should take it up voluntarily for bringing the social change.
• Gandhiji did not promote the idea of very high taxes and forceful seizure of wealth of the rich.
• He believed that a public opinion can be built for bringing about a social change

Question 32.
Why was Gandhiji against nationalization?
Answer:
Opposition to nationalization:

• Nationalization refers to transferring ownership of resources owned by private individuals to the state.
• Gandhiji opposed the idea of nationalization of resources for production and abolishing the property rights owned by the private individuals for bringing economic equality in the state.
• He believed such nationalization would decrease the morals and ethics of people and turn them against the state.
• Gandhiji opined that he would allow rich capitalists and landlords to retain the ownership of their possessions but would convince them to become trustees and use their wealth for good of the society.

Question 33.
Explain the thought of creating trusts and trustees of Gandhiji.
Answer:
Appointing the successor:

• Gandhiji’s idea of trusteeship aimed at appointing a successor to the wealth of the trust.
• According to him, the legal owners of wealth should become the official trustees. The trust should not be entrusted to the society or the state.
• The actual owner should act as a representative of the society. This way the society will own the resources indirectly.
• The current trustee can name the successor who would be the trustee after her/his death. The new trustee would also be a representative of the assets of the trust and not the owner of the assets. The state must monitor the functioning of the trust.
• The state or society cannot seize the property of the trust. The successor should be appointed through a legal procedure.

Question 34.
What kind of control should a state have as per Gandhiji? Explain.
Answer:
State control:

• When the owners do not form a trust of their wealth voluntarily, the state under certain cases can direct the use of private wealth with minimum force or violence.
• Gandhiji suggested this only for some forms of wealth and not for all types of wealth. This can be done after evaluating the ways in which wealth was accumulated.
• The state can take control of some types of private property after providing adequate compensation to the owner.
• In the context of principle of trusteeship, Gandhiji stated three forms of ownership. They are:
  1. Ownership with the private sector
  2. Formation of a trust
  3. Ownership with the public sector.
• Gandhiji also expressed his thoughts regarding, ‘Swadeshi movement’, co-operation, importance to small, cottage and village industries, equality, dignity of women, etc.
• His thoughts focused on welfare and humanism.
• Modern day economists take reference from Gandhiji’s views from tin,e to time to provide a new direction to the world.
• One can also find solutions to the problems of poverty, unemployment, inequality, concentration of economic power, etc. in principles given by Gandhiji.

Question 35.
Give a brief introduction about Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay and his areas of work.
Answer:
Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay:

• Pandit Der dayal was born on 25th September, 1916. He had a simple yet gentle personality and sparkling eyes.
• He was a profound philosopher, an integral humanist a scholar in politics and economics yet he lived a simple life.
• During his life of just 52 years, Pandit Deendayal worked for the development of the country by involving people from the lowest strata considering the economic condition of those times.
• He presented his ideas on philosophy, economics, sociology and literature. His scholarly skills earned him a name in the areas of social organization, journalism and politics.

Some of his works include:

• Rashtra Jivan Ki Samasyayen
• Devaluation: A Great Fall
• Political Diary
• Rashtra Chintan
• Integral Humanism
• Rashtra Jivan Ki Disha
• Bharatiya Arthniti: Vikas Kl Disha
• Akhand Bharat Kyon?

Question 36.
State few works of Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay.
Answer:
Some of his works include:

• Rashtra Jivan Ki Samasyayen
• Devaluation: A Great Fall
• Political Diary
• Rashtra Chintan
• Integral Humanism
• Rashtra Jivan Ki Disha
• Bharatiya Arthniti: Vikas Kl Disha
• Akhand Bharat Kyon?

Question 37.
Enlist the economic thoughts of Pandit Deendayal.
Answer:
Pandit Deendayal gave the following economic thoughts to the nation:

• The Search for the third option
• Integral humanism
• An insight into what is attainable and the use of resources
• Ownership of assets
• Decentralized economy
• Restricting consumption
• Labor intensive methods of production

Question 38.
What does Pandit Deendayal mean by searching a third option?
Answer:
Pandit Deendayal’s concept of the search for the third option:

• Capitalism and socialism are the two practical systems followed by the world for achieving economic goals. Pandit Deendayal presented a third option or say a third system that a nation can follow.
  He expressed that the methods of production have become quite advanced and so the use of machinery has also increased. ‘
• He believed that although the world has abundant resources, human beings face many complexities and problems that are created due to man’s blind race for prosperity.
• As per him, on one hand the nations have attained economic growth and development by adopting capitalism or socialism but on the other hand these systems have also created the problems of exploitation, inequality, economic instability, class struggle and pollution.
• India blindly followed the western economic system. Hence, in spite the fact that India did good economic planning several economic problems like low productivity in agriculture and industries, insufficient rural infrastructure, poverty, unemployment, inflation, excessive urbanization, pollution, devaluation of rupee, etc. have been always there.
• Pandit Deendayal suggested the system of. ‘an integral economic policy’ which is based on ‘integral humanism’ as a third option to overcome difficulties caused due to capitalism and socialism.

Question 39.
According to Pandit Deendayal what problems have the capitalist and socialist economies faced?
Answer:

• Pandit Deendayal believed that even though the capitalist and socialists countries have abundant resources, human beings face many complexities and problems that are created due to man’s race blind race for prospe-ity.
• As per him, on one hand the capitalist and socialist nations have attained economic growth and development but on the other hand these systems have also created the problems of exploitation, inequality, economic instability, class struggle and pollution.

Question 40.
What is integral humanism? How can it be achieved?
Answer:
Integral humanism:

• The concept of integral humanism was given by Pandit Deendayal. He advocated this concept for framing economic policies.
• As per him, integral humanism represents Indian culture. He then presented thoughts on ‘Integral Economics’ through the idea of Integral humanism.

Meaning of integral humanism:
Integral humanism means a human life in which:

1. A human being is not merely thought of only as an ‘economic human being’, but an integration of all characteristics of a human being.
2. It is an ideology which takes into account the mutual relationship of a human being with another and also with the society and the world to make human life happy and prosperous.

According to Pandit Deendayal, integral humanism can be achieved by:

1. Serving the ill-informed or ignorant and deprived people of the society.
2. Making such people self-sufficient by providing technical education and enhancing their skills.
3. Enabling them to increase their income and by providing them better housing.

To successfully implement integral humanism, Pandit Deendayal chose some successful policies from the west that could match with the nature of Indian economy and hence would help in the overall development of the country.

Question 41.
How according to Pandit Deendayal can one achieve integral humanism?
Answer:
According to Pandit Deendayal, integral humanism can be achieved by:

1. Serving the ill-informed or ignorant and deprived people of the society.
2. Making such people self-sufficient by providing technical education and enhancing their skills.
3. Enabling them to increase their income and by providing them better housing.

To successfully implement integral humanism, Pandit Deendayal chose some successful policies from the west that could match with the nature of Indian economy and hence would help in the overall development of the country.

Question 42.
What kind of human life can have integral humanism?
Answer:
Integral humanism can be a part of human life if:

1. A human being is not merely thought of only as an ‘economic human being’, but an integration of all characteristics of a human being.
2. Integral humanism is considered as an ideology which takes into account the mutual relationship of a human being with another and also with the society and the world to make human life happy and prosperous.

Question 43.
Write a short note on: An Insight into what is attainable and the use of resources.
Answer:
An Insight into what is attainable and the use of resources:
As per Pandit Deendayal before independence India looked at its problems from a national perspective and post-independence with an economic perspective.

• According to him, the reason for this is that the society has forgot the difference between ‘What is attainable’ and The factors which help to attain the attainable’.
• Unless the society is able to decide the goals of human life it won’t be able to choose the factors which will help us to attain the goals of human life.
• Hence, economic development must be viewed only as part of the overall development of human life.
• The ultimate goal of human life is happiness. To attain this happiness the human beings try to accumulate wealth. This wealth cannot be earned without human efforts (labour). Hence a society can never develop, if labour remains unemployed.
• Our process of production must be created keeping this fact in mind. Moreover, the prime goal of our monetary policy and other economic policies should be overall development of human beings.

Question 44.
Explain Pandit Deendayal’s views on decentralized economy.
Answer:
Pandit Deendayal’s views on decentralized economy:

• In capitalist and socialist system of governance there exists centralized authority and control over assets. This restricts the overall human development.
• So, Pandit Deendayal suggested that the state should adopt a decentralized economic set up which promotes overall development and increases interaction among people.
• He suggested that the state can decentralize its power by allowing people to decide how much to produce, distribute and consume.
• the producer of commodities will only have control over production and distribution so that he can prevent wasteful consumption. This will save national resources which can be then further used in production.
• He believed that decentralization of economic power can help in solving the major problems of Indian economy.
• He also emphasized on developing cottage and small industries.

Question 45.
Explain the concept of restricting consumption as given by Pandit Deendayal.
Answer:
Restricting consumption:

• As per Pandit Deendayal, “To satisfy unlimited wants the society invents new methods and factors and such methods on the other hand create newer problems and also create the risk of destroying human values. So our economic goal should be to limit consumption. Keeping in mind the development of the nation, consumption and production limits should be decided and maintained.”
• He proposed that a country should frame a policy to limit the national consumption and hence make itself self-reliant.
• Developed nations also face problems related to insufficient raw materials, increasing crude prices, inflation, race for armament, product quality as well as increasing national stress and environmental issues. Hence, developed capitalist nations also got influenced by Deendayal’s idea of limiting consumption.
• These countries have started working towards applying the concept of limited consumption to resolve certain issues.
• The standard of living of many Indians is quite low. Hence, Pandit Deendayal believed that the state should made unarguable efforts to raise the standard of living of people.
• In order to raise the standard of living, production should be increased and appropriate distribution must take place. This is possible only by limiting consumption.
• He states that a person should have its needs within the limits of his income.

Question 46.
State Pandit Deendayal’s words on restricting consumption.
Answer:
Pandit Deendayal said, “To satisfy unlimited wants the society invents new methods and factors and such methods on the other hand create newer problems and also create the risk of destroying human values. So our economic goal should be to limit consumption. Keeping in mind the development of the nation, consumption and production limits should be decided and maintained.”

Question 47.
Why and how does Pandit Deendayal emphasizes on adopting labour intensive methods of production?
Answer:
Labor intensive methods of production:

• India is a labour intensive country i.e. labour is found here in abundance whereas capital is scarce.
• Owing to this fact, Pandit Deendayal proposed that India should adopt labour intensive production methods.
• As per him, if India adopts capital intensive methods of production then it would further decrease our scarce capital resources for buying capital technology from foreign nations.
• Moreover, capital intensive methods will employ less labour which will then lead to unemployment.
  He also suggested that India should set up small industries that use simple machines to reduce burden of population on land.
• He emphasized that the motto of our country’s planning should be ‘work for all’. Further, the plans must promote labour intensive methods that can raise employment.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Whose thoughts provide guidance on how the wealth is created, distributed and exchanged?
(A) Prof. Robbins
(B) John Ruskin
(C) Alfred Marshall
(D) Adam Smith
Answer:
(D) Adam Smith

Question 2.
Prof. Robbins gave ideas for ________
(A) Keeping welfare at centre
(B) Creation, distribution and exchange of wealth
(C) Scarcity, problem of choice and optimum utilization of resources
(D) Principles of consumption, investment and government intervention.
Answer:
(C) Scarcity, problem of choice and optimum utilization of resources

Question 3.
Prof. Keynes provided a new direction to macroeconomics by ________
(A) Giving ideas related to scarcity, problem of choice and optimization of resources
(B) Principles of consumption, investment and government intervention.
(C) Keeping welfare at centre
(D) Giving ideas for creating distributing and exchanging wealth
Answer:
(B) Principles of consumption, investment and government intervention.

Question 4.
________ thought of having a perfect state.
(A) Kautilya
(B) Pandit Deendayal
(C) Gandhiji
(D) All of these
Answer:
(A) Kautilya

Question 5.
Chanakya helped Chandra Gupta to end the tyranny of Dhana Nanda by ________
(A) Conspiring and playing a dirty game
(B) Using moral values and strategy to create a prosperous state
(C) Using modern and powerful weapons developed in Chandra Gupta’s arms centre
(D) Negotiations, convincing for betterment and later back-stabbing
Answer:
(B) Using moral values and strategy to create a prosperous state

Question 6.
Who complied and published Arthshashtra in 1909?
(A) Vishnu Gupta
(B) Gandhiji
(C) Pandit Shyam Shashtri
(D) Pandit Deendayal
Answer:
(C) Pandit Shyam Shashtri

Question 7.
A person devoid of resources can obtain ‘Arth’ through ________
(A) Welfare
(B) Money
(C) Employment
(D) Laboring
Answer:
(D) Laboring

Question 8.
Kautilya’s Arthshashtra is composed of ________ volumes.
(A) 5
(B) 8
(C) 7
(D) 15
Answer:
(D) 15

Question 9.
According to Kautilya ________ should be exempted from taxes.
(A) Priests
(B) Soldiers
(C) Teachers
(D) All of these
Answer:
(D) All of these

Question 10.
The unity, stability and administration of the state are directly dependent on ________
(A) State treasury
(B) Industry
(C) Taxation policy
(D) State welfare
Answer:
(A) State treasury

Question 11.
As per Kautilya ________ of agricultural production and of silk/was/cotton production should be collected as taxes.
(A) 1/2; 1/4
(B) 1/4; 1/2
(C) 1/3; 1/4
(D) 1/3; 1/2
Answer:
(B) 1/4; 1/2

Question 12.
Kautilya divided import-export taxes into ________ parts.
(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 6
Answer:
(B) 3

Question 13.
Kautilya gave the rules for commodity taxation on the basis of ________
(A) Quality of goods
(B) Types of goods and their importance
(C) Value of goods
(D) Demand and supply
Answer:
(B) Types of goods and their importance

Question 14.
________ was/were the major principle(s) of Gandhiji’s ideology.
(A) Truth and determination
(B) Non-violence
(C) Truth and non-violence
(D) Truth, non-violence and determination
Answer:
(C) Truth and non-violence

Question 15.
Gandhiji adopted ________ as the base of his political science and economics.
(A) Truth and non-violence
(B) Ethical science
(C) Principles of public welfare
(D) Bread-Labour theory
Answer:
(B) Ethical science

Question 16.
Gandhiji adopted the idea of simple living and high thinking from the works of ________
(A) John Ruskin
(B) Anton Chekov
(C) Thoreau
(D) Leo Tolstoy
Answer:
(C) Thoreau

Question 17.
Which work of Leo Tolstoy influenced Gandhiji?
(A) “What shall we do then”?
(B) “How shall the state be ruled”
(C) “The Kingdom of God is within you”?
(D) Both (A) and (C)
Answer:
(D) Both (A) and (C)

Question 18.
Gandhiji’s motto was, ________
(A) Those who don’t work do not have the right to eat.
(B) Bread and work for everyone
(C) Non-violence can only be the solution to man’s greed
(D) Earn your bread on your own
Answer:
(A) Those who don’t work do not have the right to eat.

Question 19.
The play Satyawadi Raja Harish Chandra made Gandhiji ________
(A) Follower of non-violence
(B) A Satyagrahi
(C) A saint
(D) A spiritual guru
Answer:
(B) A Satyagrahi

Question 20.
The thought of sarvodaya was given by ________
(A) Vishnu Gupta
(B) Pandit Deendayal
(C) Gandhiji
(D) Kautilya
Answer:
(C) Gandhiji

Question 21.
Decentralized economy was a thought of ________
(A) Gandhiji
(B) Pandit Deendayal
(C) Kautilya
(D) Both (A) and (B)
Answer:
(D) Both (A) and (B)

Question 22.
The concept of ________ was rooted in ‘gram swaraj’.
(A) Discard use of machines
(B) Decentralized economic planning
(C) Simplicity and non-possession
(D) Change of heart
Answer:
(B) Decentralized economic planning

Question 23.
Who gave the concept of ‘Trusteeship’?
(A) Kautilya
(B) Pandurang Shashtri
(C) Pandit Deendayal
(D) Gandhiji
Answer:
(D) Gandhiji

Question 24.
Gandhiji opposed ________
(A) Complete state control
(B) Excessive use of machinery
(C) Complexity and possession
(D) All of these
Answer:
(D) All of these

Question 25.
Which of the following is not a thought of Pandit Deendayal?
(A) Integral humanism
(B) An insight into what is attainable and the use of resources
(C) Appointing the successor
(D) Restricting consumption
Answer:
(C) Appointing the successor

Question 26.
Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay presented India ________
(A) Socialism
(B) Capitalism
(C) Third option
(D) Democracy
Answer:
(C) Third option

Question 27.
As per Panditji, the third option is an ________
(A) Integral economic policy
(B) Option to balance wealth nation
(C) Focus on decentralization of economic planning
(D) Insight into the use of resources
Answer:
(A) Integral economic policy

Question 28.
Integral humanism represents ________
(A) Humanitarian values of India
(B) Just economic system
(C) Integrated human values
(D) Indian culture
Answer:
(D) Indian culture

Question 29.
Integral humanism can be achieved by ________
(A) Serving the ill-informed and ignorant
(B) Skill development and technical education
(C) Increasing income
(D) All of these
Answer:
(D) All of these

Question 30.
As per Pandit Deendayal, the ultimate goal of human life is ________
(A) Peace
(B) Happiness
(C) Wealth
(D) Economic wellbeing
Answer:
(B) Happiness

Question 31.
Pandit Deendayal believed uncontrolled possession and self-willed use of property ________
(A) Leads a state to highest stages of economic development
(B) Destroys the ethical and intellectual character of society
(C) Can help in solving many economic problems of India
(D) Can generate more employment and production
Answer:
(B) Destroys the ethical and intellectual character of society

Question 32.
As per Pandit Deendayal, India should focus on ________
(A) Limiting consumption
(B) Increasing production several times
(C) Framing transparent tax policies
(D) All of these
Answer:
(A) Limiting consumption

Question 33.
Use of capital intensive production leads to ________
(A) Spending scarce capital for paying foreign countries for their technology
(B) Reducing employment
(C) Lesser production of precious capital resources
(D) Both (A) and (B)
Answer:
(D) Both (A) and (B)

Question 34.
As per Pandit Deendayal, the motto of our planning should be ________
(A) Distribution to all
(B) Land and bread for all
(C) Work for all
(D) Happiness and stability for all
Answer:
(C) Work for all

Question 35.
When was Satyamev Jayate introduced in India?
(A) 7 September, 2012
(B) 16 October, 2014
(C) 12 December, 2015
(D) 26 November, 2014
Answer:
(B) 16 October, 2014

Question 36.
Based on Pandit Deendayal’s theory, was implemented in India ________ for developing agro and rural industries.
(A) Gram Jyoti Yojna
(B) Sarvogyam Kushal Yojna
(C) Gramodhar Yojna
(D) Gram Krushi Yojna
Answer:
(A) Gram Jyoti Yojna